Effects of dietary lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio on growth and carbohydrate metabolism in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio on growth and carbohydrate metabolism in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Six isonitrogenous diets were prepared to vary in lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio (g/g) as follows: D1, 2.26; D2, 1.31; D3, 0.78; D4, 0.47; D5, 0.34; and D6, 0.23. Cobias were fed to satiety for 8 weeks. The weight gain and protein efficiency ratio in D1 group were significantly lower than those in other groups (P < 0.05), accompanied by a lower level of feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Protein retention efficiency in D4 and D6 and whole body protein in D4 and D5 were significantly higher than those in D1 group (P < 0.05). Survival rate in D4 group was the highest among all groups and was significantly higher than that in D1, D2 and D5 (P < 0.05). In terms of serum triglyceride, D1 and D2 were significantly higher than D6 (P < 0.05). Hepatosomatic index in D3 and D4 was significantly lower than that in D1 (P < 0.05). Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase in D4 was significantly higher than that in D1 and D3 (P < 0.05). Phosphofructokinase in D3 and D4 and malic enzyme in D4 and D5 were significantly higher than those in other groups (P < 0.05). Results indicate that cobia utilizes carbohydrates as energy source more efficiently than it utilizes lipids. The optimal lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio in juvenile cobia diets is 0.47.     

Regulatory role of l-proline in fetal pig growth and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation

l-proline (Pro) is a precursor of ornithine, which is converted into polyamines via ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Polyamines plays a key role in the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. The study investigated the effect of Pro on polyamine metabolism and cell proliferation on porcine enterocytes in vivo and in vitro. Twenty-four Huanjiang mini-pigs were randomly assigned into 1 of 3 groups and fed a basal diet that contained 0.77% alanine (Ala, iso-nitrogenous control), 1% Pro or 1% Pro + 0.0167% α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) from d 15 to 70 of gestation. The fetal body weight and number of fetuses per litter were determined, and the small and large intestines were obtained on d 70 ± 1.78 of gestation. The in vitro study was performed in intestinal porcine epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells cultured in Dulbecco''s modified Eagle medium-high glucose (DMEM-H) containing 0 μmol/L Pro, 400 μmol/L Pro, or 400 μmol/L Pro + 10 mmol/L DFMO for 4 d. The results showed that maternal dietary supplementation with 1% Pro increased fetal weight; the protein and DNA concentrations of the fetal small intestine; and mRNA levels for potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 1 (Kv1.1) in the fetal small and large intestines (P < 0.05). Supplementing Pro to either gilts or IPEC-J2 cells increased ODC protein abundances and polyamine concentrations in the fetal intestines and IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). In comparison with the Pro group, the combined administration of Pro and DFMO reduced the expression of ODC protein and spermine concentration in the fetal intestine, as well as the concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the percentage of cells in the S-phase and the mRNA levels of proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-myc were increased in response to Pro supplementation, whereas depletion of cellular polyamines with DFMO increased tumor protein p53 (p53) mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Taken together, dietary supplementation with Pro improved fetal pig growth and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation via enhancing polyamine synthesis.     

施钙对间作遮荫条件下花生生育后期光合特性、糖代谢及产量的影响

于2016-2017年以花育25号为材料,在花生单作和间作条件下,设置施钙和不施钙处理,研究钙肥对单作花生、间作中间行和间作边行花生的植株性状、功能叶生育后期光合特性、糖代谢酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,施用钙肥降低了花生主茎高和侧枝长,增加了花生分枝数、主茎节数,提高了叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、蔗糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性;单作和间作花生荚果产量平均增产397.2 kg/hm^2,平均增产率19.9%。相同施钙水平下,越靠近玉米行的间作边行花生受遮荫影响越大,其主茎高、侧枝长较大,蔗糖合成酶(SS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性等生理指标低于单作花生。与单作不施钙比较,施钙显著增加了间作花生叶绿素含量,使其光合特性、蔗糖含量、SS、SPS酶活性无显著降低,降低了间作花生的减产幅度。本试验条件下,每公顷施用钙肥300kg可部分缓解间作遮荫对花生的不利影响。     

安格斯牛和南阳牛肌内脂肪组织中差异表达circRNAs分析

【目的】筛选牛肌肉脂肪组织中差异表达的circRNAs,为进一步探索circRNAs在牛肌内脂肪沉积和代谢过程中的潜在作用及肉牛改良提供理论基础。【方法】采集安格斯牛和南阳牛右侧背部最长肌第12/13肋骨间肌肉,分离其脂肪组织并提取RNA,采用RNA-seq和生物信息学方法分析2种牛肌内脂肪组织中circRNAs的表达情况,筛选差异表达的circRNAs,并对其进行GO和KEGG富集分析。选取4个差异表达的circRNA(circRNA.9560、circRNA.7431、circRNA.2083、circRNA.6528),对其表达水平进行qRT-PCR验证。【结果】在所有牛样本肌内脂肪组织中共检测到14 649个circRNAs,从中筛选并初步鉴定出111个安格斯牛与南阳牛差异表达的circRNAs,其中有75个在安格斯牛肌内脂肪组织中表达上调,36个表达下调。差异表达的circRNAs主要富集于细胞进程、单有机体进程、代谢过程、细胞、细胞部分、细胞器、分子结合、催化活性、核酸结合转录因子活性的GO条目中。KEGG富集分析结果发现,差异表达的circRNAs共富集到66条信号通路中,其中具有显著差异(P0.05)的信号通路有10个。qRT-PCR验证结果显示,circRNA.9560和circRNA.7431表达量显著下调,circRNA.2083和circRNA.6528表达量显著上调,与测序结果一致。【结论】筛选出111个安格斯牛与南阳牛差异表达的circRNAs,这些circRNAs可能在牛脂肪沉积和脂质代谢过程中发挥着一定的调控作用。     

Effect of melatonin on visceral fat deposition,lipid metabolism and hepatic lipo-metabolic gene expression in male rats

Melatonin (MT) influences lipid metabolism in animals; however, the mechanistic effect of melatonin on liver fat and abdominal adipose deposition requires further clarity. In order to study the effects of melatonin on lipid metabolism, and hepatic fat and abdominal adipose deposition in animals, twenty Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats of 6 weeks of age with similar bodyweight were randomly divided into two groups: control (CTL) and MT-treated (10 mg/kg/day). During a 60-day experiment, food intake and bodyweight were measured daily and weekly respectively. At the end of treatment, blood samples were collected to collect plasma to quantify hormones and metabolic indicators of lipid metabolism. In addition, organ and abdominal adipose depots including liver, and omental, perirenal, and epididymal fat were weighed. Liver tissue was sampled for sectioning, long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) quantification, and gene chip and Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. The results showed that liver weight and index (ratio of liver weight to body weight) in MT group reduced by 20.69% and 9.63% respectively; omentum weight and index reduced by 59.88% and 54.93% respectively, and epididymal fat weight reduced by 45.34% (p = 0.049), relative to CTL. Plasma lipid indices, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) with MT treatment decreased significantly compared with the control. Fat and 8 LCFA content in liver in MT group also decreased. Gene chip and qPCR demonstrated that there were 289 genes up-regulated and 293 genes down-regulated by MT. Further analysis found that the mRNA expression of lipolysis-related genes increased, while the mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related enzymes decreased (p < 0.05) with MT. This study concluded that melatonin greatly affected fat deposition, and hepatic LCFA supply and the expression of genes associated with lipogenesis and lipolysis.     

紫斑牡丹种子浸提液对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以紫斑牡丹种子为研究对象,研究不同质量浓度(0、0.025、0.050、0.075、0.100 g·mL-1)的种皮和胚乳水浸提液对白菜、小麦和绿豆种子萌发、幼苗生长和幼苗的抗氧化酶活性的影响,探究紫斑牡丹种子内源抑制物质的活性,为进一步研究紫斑牡丹种子休眠机理提供理论依据。结果表明:紫斑牡丹种皮和胚乳中均含有抑制受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的物质,且同一质量浓度下,胚乳浸提液的抑制作用强于种皮浸提液;种皮和胚乳浸提液对白菜幼苗生长的抑制作用高于小麦和绿豆;种皮和胚乳浸提液对3种受体植物幼苗根长的抑制作用大于苗高和鲜质量;种皮和胚乳浸提液对3种受体植物幼苗的SOD、CAT和POD活性均产生了一定的影响。其中,随着种皮浸提液质量浓度的提高,受体植物幼苗SOD、POD活性先上升后下降,而CAT活性持续下降;加入胚乳浸提液后,受体植物幼苗的CAT、POD活性与对照相比显著下降,SOD活性则依然随着胚乳浸提液质量浓度的升高而表现出先上升后下降的趋势。由结果可知,紫斑牡丹种皮和胚乳浸提液中均含有能抑制受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的物质,并且能够影响受体幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,但是紫斑牡丹种皮和胚乳内源抑制物质的活性存在一定的差异。     

马氏珠母贝肉酶解产物的抗酒精性肝损伤作用

为探究马氏珠母贝肉酶解产物(Enzymatic hydrolysate from Pinctada martensii,EP)对酒精性肝损伤(Alcoholic liver damage,ALD)的保护作用,该研究将EP超滤分级为截留分子量>10 kD(EP-Ⅰ)、3~10 kD(EP-Ⅱ)和<3 kD(EP-Ⅲ)3个组分,检测其体外抗肝损伤活性及对ALD小鼠肝保护作用的影响。体外试验结果显示,EP-Ⅲ可显著激活体外乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性(P<0.01),3个超滤组分均具有一定的体外抗氧化能力且EP-Ⅲ>EP-Ⅱ>EP-Ⅰ;动物试验结果显示,与模型对照组相比,各超滤组分均能够显著降低小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力、小鼠肝脏指数及肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)和甘油三酯(TG)含量,同时显著增强小鼠肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH)活力,提高肝脏中的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。综上,马氏珠母贝肉酶解超滤组分对急性ALD具有一定的辅助保护作用,其中EP-Ⅲ的保护作用效果最佳,其机制可能与加快机体乙醇代谢和减缓乙醇对机体造成的氧化损伤相关。     

DTA-6对两种食用豆生理代谢及产量的影响

为探究2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯（diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate,DTA-6）对食用豆叶片的生理代谢及产量的调控效应,选用芸豆（英国红）和小豆（龙垦2号）为试验材料,采用大田完全随机试验方法,于芸豆和小豆的初花期叶面喷施DTA-6,以喷施清水为对照（CK）,测定各生育时期叶片光合参数、碳代谢产物、干物质、产量及产量构成因素。结果表明：DTA-6提高了2种食用豆各生育期的SPAD值、盛花期和鼓粒期的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）和胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）,显著增加了叶片蔗糖和可溶性糖的含量,促进了叶片淀粉的积累;与CK相比,DTA-6提高了2种食用豆的地上部单株干物质积累量,并且显著提高了芸豆和小豆鼓粒期荚分配率;DTA-6可有效调控2种食用豆的单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重,从而提高产量,DTA-6处理的芸豆和小豆产量分别较CK增加13.30%和12.91%,增产显著。     

根腐病菌侵染对黄芪苯丙烷途径关键酶活性的影响

以蒙古黄芪-根腐病菌（Fusarium solani和F. acuminatum）为互作体系,测定苯丙烷途径关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)及4-香豆酸-辅酶A连接酶(4CL)活性的变化,以期获得黄芪抗根腐病菌侵染机制的信息,为抗病育种工作提供参考。试验采用幼苗浸根法接种病菌,分光光度法测定3种酶的动态变化。结果表明,F. solani侵染黄芪后,PAL和C4H活性与对照相比明显升高,并在7、21天出现2个酶活高峰;4CL活性则随着时间的延长持续上升,7、21天时也显著高于对照。F. acuminatum侵染黄芪后,PAL、C4H和4CL的活性均在21天显著高于对照。可见2种病原菌在侵染黄芪过程中,苯丙烷途径的关键酶被不同程度地激活,但2种病菌激活各酶的时间和规律有所差异,表明黄芪对这2种病菌的抗性机制明显不同。     

2株可培养细菌氮代谢特性的研究

研究旨在分析土壤中可培养细菌菌株的氮代谢特征,并进一步探讨微生物在土壤氮素转化中的可能作用机制。以2株分离自苹果园土壤的细菌菌株SY5-4和SY11-10为试材,采用传统培养方法结合分子检测技术,分别测定菌株生长特性及其氮素转化能力。研究结果表明,异养条件下,菌株SY5-4和SY11-10的世代时间分别为243.5 min和202.7 min。菌株生长过程中,培养液中铵态氮浓度始终维持在较高水平,铵态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮浓度均表现出先升后降的趋势。硝化（amoA和hao）和反硝化（nosZ、norB、nirK和nap）基因检测结果表明,菌株SY11-10具有多种氮素转化潜能。综上,供试菌株培养过程中,培养液中氮素发生变化,并在菌体中检测到不同氮转化基因,表明菌株参与多种氮代谢途径。